The Civil Protection Department carries out activities to assess, prevent, and mitigate seismic risk in Italy, also relying on Competence Centers and operational units.
\n"},"fields":{"slug":"/approfondimento/seismic-risk-activities/"},"field_tabella":null,"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Rischi"},"field_riferimento_traduzione":{"fields":{"slug":"/approfondimento/rischio-sismico-le-attivita/"}},"field_immagine_singola":null,"field_mappa":null,"field_accordion":[],"field_tab":[{"field_titolo":"Forecast","field_tabella":null,"field_testo":{"processed":"Science today is not yet able to forecast the exact time and place for future earthquakes. The only forecast possible is of a statistical kind, based on knowledge of past seismicity in Italy therefore on the recurrence of earthquakes. We know which areas in the country run a high seismic risk, for earthquake frequency and intensity and therefore where it is most likely that a big seismic event will happen, but it is not possible to exactly determine when it will happen.
\nProbabilistic forecasting allows hazardous areas to be identified and classified according to the probability of strong earthquakes and their expected frequency. For greater accuracy when calculating the interval of time in which a given location will most probably be hit by an earthquake, we would need to know how much energy is accumulated in the seismogenic structure, which may trigger off an earthquake in that place and the way in which the energy is released, in other words, a little at a time with many low magnitude shakes or with a few very strong events. But even in-depth study of seismogenic structures will not enable us to establish the exact moment the next earthquake will strike.
\nOver recent years science has made considerable progress in the study of seismic precursors, in other words the chemical and physical parameters of the ground and underground subject to the variations that can be observed before an earthquake happens. In the future, systematic study of these precursors could allow the initial moment of the earthquake to be fixed, even if false alarms must be avoided, which could prove to be even more harmful.
\nResearch into earthquake precursors has concentrated on:
\n• Seismological precursors: before a big seismic event a series of microtremors may occur, only detectable by instruments.
\n• Geophysical precursors: anomalies in the P and S wave speeds, variations in magnetic and electric characteristics of rocks.
\n• Geochemical precursors: variation in underground waters of the concentration of some chemical elements, in particular of radon, a radioactive gas.
\n• Geodetic precursors: alterations in the level and slope of ground surface.
Despite comprehension of the phenomenon and confirmation of the validity of the genetic model for earthquakes advanced by seismologists, forecasting of earthquakes based on precursors has so far brought disappointing contradictory results. No precursor happens regularly before each important earthquake, for this reason research is moving towards simultaneous observation of different phenomena. For example, while it is true that animals behave unusually before a seismic event, it is not always true that an earthquake will occur when cats or dogs behave in a certain way.
\nTo avoid the effects of an earthquake, it is necessary to reduce risk factors, focusing in particular on the quality of buildings. Prevention therefore remains the only effective way to reduce the consequences of an earthquake.
\n\n","value":"
Science today is not yet able to forecast the exact time and place for future earthquakes. The only forecast possible is of a statistical kind, based on knowledge of past seismicity in Italy therefore on the recurrence of earthquakes. We know which areas in the country run a high seismic risk, for earthquake frequency and intensity and therefore where it is most likely that a big seismic event will happen, but it is not possible to exactly determine when it will happen.
\r\n
\r\nProbabilistic forecasting allows hazardous areas to be identified and classified according to the probability of strong earthquakes and their expected frequency. For greater accuracy when calculating the interval of time in which a given location will most probably be hit by an earthquake, we would need to know how much energy is accumulated in the seismogenic structure, which may trigger off an earthquake in that place and the way in which the energy is released, in other words, a little at a time with many low magnitude shakes or with a few very strong events. But even in-depth study of seismogenic structures will not enable us to establish the exact moment the next earthquake will strike.
\r\n
\r\nOver recent years science has made considerable progress in the study of seismic precursors, in other words the chemical and physical parameters of the ground and underground subject to the variations that can be observed before an earthquake happens. In the future, systematic study of these precursors could allow the initial moment of the earthquake to be fixed, even if false alarms must be avoided, which could prove to be even more harmful.
\r\n
\r\nResearch into earthquake precursors has concentrated on:
• Seismological precursors: before a big seismic event a series of microtremors may occur, only detectable by instruments.
\r\n• Geophysical precursors: anomalies in the P and S wave speeds, variations in magnetic and electric characteristics of rocks.
\r\n• Geochemical precursors: variation in underground waters of the concentration of some chemical elements, in particular of radon, a radioactive gas.
\r\n• Geodetic precursors: alterations in the level and slope of ground surface.
Despite comprehension of the phenomenon and confirmation of the validity of the genetic model for earthquakes advanced by seismologists, forecasting of earthquakes based on precursors has so far brought disappointing contradictory results. No precursor happens regularly before each important earthquake, for this reason research is moving towards simultaneous observation of different phenomena. For example, while it is true that animals behave unusually before a seismic event, it is not always true that an earthquake will occur when cats or dogs behave in a certain way.
\r\n\r\nTo avoid the effects of an earthquake, it is necessary to reduce risk factors, focusing in particular on the quality of buildings. Prevention therefore remains the only effective way to reduce the consequences of an earthquake.
\r\n\r\n\r\n"},"relationships":{"field_immagine":null,"field_video":null,"field_link_interni":[{"__typename":"node__approfondimento","title":"Emergency planning and damage scenarios","field_titolo_esteso":"Emergency planning and damage scenarios","body":{"processed":"
Specific emergency plans are needed to ready Civil Protection Department structures for tackling and managing an emergency. These identify the objectives that must be followed through for organisation of a suitable response by the Civil Protection Department when the event occurs. An emergency plan prepares structured deployment of men and means for intervention, organised logically and coordinated in time.
\nThe cognitive base for sizing resources to be sent into the field is made up of damage scenarios in other words tools that forecast possible damage and consequent effects on the population. These scenarios are calculated using territorial exposure and vulnerability data and based on reference events deemed to be more likely to occur depending on the selected time interval.
\nAssessment of these seismic scenarios, not limited to an estimate of the extent of the shaking, but focused directly on immediate loss assessment, is particularly important for the tasks that the Civil Protection Department must carry out.
\nKnowledge about a “damage scenario” allows a territorial picture to be drawn up of the area involved in the event, therefore providing important information such as the localisation and extension of the worst hit area, whether transport networks, communication media and distribution lines are working, in addition to the expected losses in terms of human lives, the injured, the homeless, collapsed and damaged buildings and relative economic damage, with obvious repercussions on Civil Protection Department activity, for both emergency planning and management. In the former case, the information permits identification and description of the reference event/s with a view to sizing human resources, materials to be used and their allocation within the plan. In this context, the Civil Protection Department provides support to Regional Authorities for the latter’s planning and policies for smaller local bodies, provincial and municipal authorities and mountain communities, supplying information regarding impact on the territory for one or more reference events with corresponding different levels of Civil Protection Department plan activation. Whereas in the latter case, the information immediately provide a description of the actual event and its impact on the territory, to support emergency aid.
\nThe Civil Protection Department currently avails of the following damage assessment tools:
\n• Sige - Information System for Emergency Management
\n• Scecom - Local damage scenario
All these tools are currently used by the Civil Protection Department for emergencies and to provide support to regional and local authorities. Hazard and vulnerability assessment methods, practically the same for all the tools, have been designed to meet a need for pragmatic supply of a response that can be used by Civil Protection Department operators on both a national and local level. The level of uncertainty inherent in loss estimation can easily be imagined.
\n","value":"Specific emergency plans are needed to ready Civil Protection Department structures for tackling and managing an emergency. These identify the objectives that must be followed through for organisation of a suitable response by the Civil Protection Department when the event occurs. An emergency plan prepares structured deployment of men and means for intervention, organised logically and coordinated in time.
\r\n
\r\nThe cognitive base for sizing resources to be sent into the field is made up of damage scenarios in other words tools that forecast possible damage and consequent effects on the population. These scenarios are calculated using territorial exposure and vulnerability data and based on reference events deemed to be more likely to occur depending on the selected time interval.
\r\n
\r\nAssessment of these seismic scenarios, not limited to an estimate of the extent of the shaking, but focused directly on immediate loss assessment, is particularly important for the tasks that the Civil Protection Department must carry out.
\r\n
\r\nKnowledge about a “damage scenario” allows a territorial picture to be drawn up of the area involved in the event, therefore providing important information such as the localisation and extension of the worst hit area, whether transport networks, communication media and distribution lines are working, in addition to the expected losses in terms of human lives, the injured, the homeless, collapsed and damaged buildings and relative economic damage, with obvious repercussions on Civil Protection Department activity, for both emergency planning and management. In the former case, the information permits identification and description of the reference event/s with a view to sizing human resources, materials to be used and their allocation within the plan. In this context, the Civil Protection Department provides support to Regional Authorities for the latter’s planning and policies for smaller local bodies, provincial and municipal authorities and mountain communities, supplying information regarding impact on the territory for one or more reference events with corresponding different levels of Civil Protection Department plan activation. Whereas in the latter case, the information immediately provide a description of the actual event and its impact on the territory, to support emergency aid.
\r\n
\r\nThe Civil Protection Department currently avails of the following damage assessment tools:
• Sige - Information System for Emergency Management
\r\n• Scecom - Local damage scenario
All these tools are currently used by the Civil Protection Department for emergencies and to provide support to regional and local authorities. Hazard and vulnerability assessment methods, practically the same for all the tools, have been designed to meet a need for pragmatic supply of a response that can be used by Civil Protection Department operators on both a national and local level. The level of uncertainty inherent in loss estimation can easily be imagined.
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_data":"2016-07-24T23:47:00+02:00","field_categoria_primaria":"approfondimento","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/approfondimento/emergency-planning-and-damage-scenarios/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Rischi"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":null}},{"__typename":"node__approfondimento","title":"International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection - ICEF","field_titolo_esteso":"International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection - ICEF","body":{"processed":"Founding and Composition
\nThe International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (ICEF) was established under Article 6 of Order No. 3757 of the President of the Council of Ministers, dated April 21, 2009.
The members of the Commission were geoscientists from China, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States with wide experience in earthquake forecasting and prediction. Chair of the Commission is Prof. Thomas H. Jordan, Director of the Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC) and Professor of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
\nTasks
\nThe Commission was appointed by Guido Bertolaso, Head of the Civil Protection Department until November 2010, and tasked with:
1. Reporting on the current state of knowledge of short-term prediction and forecasting of tectonic earthquakes.
\n2. Indicating guidelines for utilization of possible forerunners of large earthquakes to drive civil protection actions, including the use of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis in the wake of a large earthquake.
\nOutcomes
\nThe Commission started their works on May 12, 2009, and reported its findings and recommendations on October 2, 2009. On May 30, 2011, the Commission presented to the DPC an extended final report on the topics listed above.
We do not present here the Italian translation of the final report because, due to the complexity of the topics adressed and the difficulty to carry out a punctual translation of the scientific terms used, we preferred not to provide an imprecise text that could allow misinterpretations of the original contents as thought by the authors.
\n","value":"Founding and Composition
\r\nThe International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (ICEF) was established under Article 6 of Order No. 3757 of the President of the Council of Ministers, dated April 21, 2009.
The members of the Commission were geoscientists from China, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States with wide experience in earthquake forecasting and prediction. Chair of the Commission is Prof. Thomas H. Jordan, Director of the Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC) and Professor of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
\r\n\r\nTasks
\r\nThe Commission was appointed by Guido Bertolaso, Head of the Civil Protection Department until November 2010, and tasked with:
1. Reporting on the current state of knowledge of short-term prediction and forecasting of tectonic earthquakes.
\r\n\r\n2. Indicating guidelines for utilization of possible forerunners of large earthquakes to drive civil protection actions, including the use of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis in the wake of a large earthquake.
\r\n\r\nOutcomes
\r\nThe Commission started their works on May 12, 2009, and reported its findings and recommendations on October 2, 2009. On May 30, 2011, the Commission presented to the DPC an extended final report on the topics listed above.
\r\n
\r\nWe do not present here the Italian translation of the final report because, due to the complexity of the topics adressed and the difficulty to carry out a punctual translation of the scientific terms used, we preferred not to provide an imprecise text that could allow misinterpretations of the original contents as thought by the authors.
The Department establishes criteria and methodologies for the assessment and mitigation of seismic risk, develops technical and scientific skills for predicting the impact of the earthquake on the territory and works for the optimization of operations in emergency and post-earthquake reconstruction.
\nIn addition, provides guidance on the seismic classification and regulations for buildings in seismic zones, gives support and assistance to other central and peripheral of the State and monitors the areas to quickly determine the characteristics and effects of earthquakes. Promotes and implements initiatives to raise awareness on issues of seismic risk and prevention, such as the Terremoti d'Italia exhibition.
\nThese tasks are carried out with the support of scientific and operational Centres of Competence for seismic risk: INGV - National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, for seismological aspects, ReLUIS - Network of University Laboratories of Earthquake and Structural Engineering and Eucentre - European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering for the engineering aspects.
\nAn effective strategy for seismic risk reduction requires a constant effort to improve knowledge about the causes of the phenomenon, deepen studies on the behaviour of structures subjected to seismic action and improved action during emergencies.
\nSeismic risk, in fact, in addition to the occurrence of the physical phenomenon, is inextricably linked to the presence of man. Since it is not possible to predict the occurrence of earthquakes, the only applicable strategy is to limit the effects of the phenomenon on the human-made environment by implementing appropriate policies for prevention and reduction of seismic risk. In particular:
\n• Improving knowledge of the phenomenon, through the monitoring of the area and properly assessing the danger to which built-up areas, population and infrastructure systems are exposed;
\n• Implementing policies to reduce the vulnerability of older buildings, \"relevant\" buildings (schools, monuments), \"strategic\" buildings (hospitals, emergency management facilities), by optimizing the resources used to recovery and redevelopment of built-up areas;
\n• Upgrading the seismic classification and regulation;
\n• Developing seismic micro-zoning studies for a correct use of ordinary tools of planning to achieve over time a land-use planning that takes into account the seismic risk and to improve the operation and management standards of emergency after an earthquake;
\n• Acting on the population with a constant and vigorous action of information and awareness.
\n","value":"
The Department establishes criteria and methodologies for the assessment and mitigation of seismic risk, develops technical and scientific skills for predicting the impact of the earthquake on the territory and works for the optimization of operations in emergency and post-earthquake reconstruction.
\r\n\r\nIn addition, provides guidance on the seismic classification and regulations for buildings in seismic zones, gives support and assistance to other central and peripheral of the State and monitors the areas to quickly determine the characteristics and effects of earthquakes. Promotes and implements initiatives to raise awareness on issues of seismic risk and prevention, such as the Terremoti d'Italia exhibition.
\r\n
\r\nThese tasks are carried out with the support of scientific and operational Centres of Competence for seismic risk: INGV - National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, for seismological aspects, ReLUIS - Network of University Laboratories of Earthquake and Structural Engineering and Eucentre - European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering for the engineering aspects.
An effective strategy for seismic risk reduction requires a constant effort to improve knowledge about the causes of the phenomenon, deepen studies on the behaviour of structures subjected to seismic action and improved action during emergencies.
\r\n\r\nSeismic risk, in fact, in addition to the occurrence of the physical phenomenon, is inextricably linked to the presence of man. Since it is not possible to predict the occurrence of earthquakes, the only applicable strategy is to limit the effects of the phenomenon on the human-made environment by implementing appropriate policies for prevention and reduction of seismic risk. In particular:
\r\n\r\n• Improving knowledge of the phenomenon, through the monitoring of the area and properly assessing the danger to which built-up areas, population and infrastructure systems are exposed;
\r\n• Implementing policies to reduce the vulnerability of older buildings, \"relevant\" buildings (schools, monuments), \"strategic\" buildings (hospitals, emergency management facilities), by optimizing the resources used to recovery and redevelopment of built-up areas;
\r\n• Upgrading the seismic classification and regulation;
\r\n• Developing seismic micro-zoning studies for a correct use of ordinary tools of planning to achieve over time a land-use planning that takes into account the seismic risk and to improve the operation and management standards of emergency after an earthquake;
\r\n• Acting on the population with a constant and vigorous action of information and awareness.
\r\n"},"relationships":{"field_immagine":null,"field_video":null,"field_link_interni":[{"__typename":"node__approfondimento","title":"Seismic Classification","field_titolo_esteso":"Seismic Classification","body":{"processed":"
In order to reduce the effects of an earthquake, the State has concentrated its action on territorial classification, based on past earthquakes' intensity and frequency, and on the application of special regulations of buildings in areas classified as seismic.
\nItaly's anti-seismic regulations, alined with the most modern ones at international level, establishes technical rules according to which a building should bear minor earthquakes without serious damages, and major ones without collapsing, first of all safeguarding human lives.
Up to 2003 the national territory was classified in three seismic categories with different forces. Ministerial Decrees issued by the Ministry of Public Works between 1981 and 1984 had classified totally 2,965 Italian municipalities on 8,102, that correspond to the 45% of the national territory, in which the 40% of the population lives.
\nNew criteria for seismic classification were published in 2003. They are based on recent studies and processing regarding seismic dangerousness of the territory, i.e. the analysis of the likelihood that a territory may be affected, during a given time interval - generally 50 years - by an event that exceeds a given intensity or magnitude threshold.
\nThe Order of the President of the Council of Ministers no. 3274 of 20 March 2003 was published for this purporse on the Official Gazette no. 105 of 8 May 2003.
The legal measure contains the main principles according to which the Regions, appointed by the State to adopt the territorial seismic classificiation (Legislative Decree no 122 of 1998 and Decree of the President of the Republic no. 380 of 2001 - \"Testo Unico delle Norme per l’Edilizia”), have filled out a list of municipalities with the zone each of them belongs to, with a decreasing standard of dangerousness. The entire national territory has been classifiied according to it.
\nZone 1 - It the most dangerous area, where major earthquakes may occur.
Zone 2 - Municipalities in this area may be affected by quite strong earthquakes.
Zone 3 - Municipalities in this area may be subject to modest shocks.
Zone 4 - It is the least dangerous. Municipalities of this area have a low probability of seismic damages.
De facto, there is no such thing as an “unclassified” area, that becomes zone 4 here, within which the Regions have the power of making the antiseismic planning mandatory. Moreover, each zone has a value of the seismic action useful for the above planning, expressed in terms of maximum acceleration in rock (zone 1=0,35 g, zone 2=0,25 g. zone 3=0,15 g, zone 4=0,05 g).
\nThe carrying out of the ordinance no.3274 of 2003 allowed to reduce considerably the distance between scientific knowledge and its application in regulatory tools and to project and build safer buildings, thanks also to innovative technologies.
\nNovelties introduces by the ordinance have been refined further on, thanks also to the studies carried out by the competence centres (Ingv, Reluis, Eucentre). An update of the study of dangerousness at national level (Gruppo di Lavoro, 2004), provided for by the Opcm 3274/03, was adopted with the Ordinance of President of the Council of Ministers no. 3519 of 28 April 2006.
\nThe new study, attached to the Opcm no. 3519, supplied the Regions with an updated tool for territorial classification, introducing intervals of acceleration (ag), with a probability of exceeding the threshold equal to 10% in 50 years, to be assigned to the 4 seismic areas.
Division of the seismic areas according to the acceleration of peak on rigid ground (OPCM 3519/06 attached) - see the chart below
\nBased on addresses and criteria established at national level, some Regions have classified the territory in four zones, as described in the table, and some other have classified it by adopting three zones, and introducing, in some cases, subzones to better adapt regulations to seismicity features.
\nDetails and meanings of zonation according to each Region are contained in the regulatory regional dispositions (ita) (15 Kb).
\nRegardless of the regional choice, each zone or subzone has a core dangerousness value, expressed in terms of maximum acceleration on rigid ground (ag). This value does not influence planning.
Current Technical Regulations for Buildings (Ministerial Decree of 14 January 2008), in fact, have indeed modified the role that seismic classification had for planning purposes: for each zone – and thus municipal territory – a value of peak acceleration, and consequently a spectrum of elastic response, was previously supplied to calculate seismic actions.
\nAs of 1 July 2009, 2008 Technical Regulations for Buildings came into force: each building has its own acceleration, according to geographical coordinates of the project area and to the nominal design life of a building: the degree of core dangerousness, then, can be defined for each point of the national territory, within an area of 5 sq. metres, regardless of local administrative borders.
\nSeismic classification (which seismic zone a municipality belongs to) is thus useful only for planning management and territorial control by relevant boards (Region, Genio, etc.).
In order to reduce the effects of an earthquake, the State has concentrated its action on territorial classification, based on past earthquakes' intensity and frequency, and on the application of special regulations of buildings in areas classified as seismic.
\r\nItaly's anti-seismic regulations, alined with the most modern ones at international level, establishes technical rules according to which a building should bear minor earthquakes without serious damages, and major ones without collapsing, first of all safeguarding human lives.
\r\n
\r\nUp to 2003 the national territory was classified in three seismic categories with different forces. Ministerial Decrees issued by the Ministry of Public Works between 1981 and 1984 had classified totally 2,965 Italian municipalities on 8,102, that correspond to the 45% of the national territory, in which the 40% of the population lives.
\r\nNew criteria for seismic classification were published in 2003. They are based on recent studies and processing regarding seismic dangerousness of the territory, i.e. the analysis of the likelihood that a territory may be affected, during a given time interval - generally 50 years - by an event that exceeds a given intensity or magnitude threshold.
\r\nThe Order of the President of the Council of Ministers no. 3274 of 20 March 2003 was published for this purporse on the Official Gazette no. 105 of 8 May 2003.
\r\n
\r\nThe legal measure contains the main principles according to which the Regions, appointed by the State to adopt the territorial seismic classificiation (Legislative Decree no 122 of 1998 and Decree of the President of the Republic no. 380 of 2001 - \"Testo Unico delle Norme per l’Edilizia”), have filled out a list of municipalities with the zone each of them belongs to, with a decreasing standard of dangerousness. The entire national territory has been classifiied according to it.
Zone 1 - It the most dangerous area, where major earthquakes may occur.
\r\nZone 2 - Municipalities in this area may be affected by quite strong earthquakes.
\r\nZone 3 - Municipalities in this area may be subject to modest shocks.
\r\nZone 4 - It is the least dangerous. Municipalities of this area have a low probability of seismic damages.
De facto, there is no such thing as an “unclassified” area, that becomes zone 4 here, within which the Regions have the power of making the antiseismic planning mandatory. Moreover, each zone has a value of the seismic action useful for the above planning, expressed in terms of maximum acceleration in rock (zone 1=0,35 g, zone 2=0,25 g. zone 3=0,15 g, zone 4=0,05 g).
\r\n\r\nThe carrying out of the ordinance no.3274 of 2003 allowed to reduce considerably the distance between scientific knowledge and its application in regulatory tools and to project and build safer buildings, thanks also to innovative technologies.
\r\n\r\nNovelties introduces by the ordinance have been refined further on, thanks also to the studies carried out by the competence centres (Ingv, Reluis, Eucentre). An update of the study of dangerousness at national level (Gruppo di Lavoro, 2004), provided for by the Opcm 3274/03, was adopted with the Ordinance of President of the Council of Ministers no. 3519 of 28 April 2006.
\r\nThe new study, attached to the Opcm no. 3519, supplied the Regions with an updated tool for territorial classification, introducing intervals of acceleration (ag), with a probability of exceeding the threshold equal to 10% in 50 years, to be assigned to the 4 seismic areas.
\r\n
\r\nDivision of the seismic areas according to the acceleration of peak on rigid ground (OPCM 3519/06 attached) - see the chart below
Based on addresses and criteria established at national level, some Regions have classified the territory in four zones, as described in the table, and some other have classified it by adopting three zones, and introducing, in some cases, subzones to better adapt regulations to seismicity features.
\r\nDetails and meanings of zonation according to each Region are contained in the regulatory regional dispositions (ita) (15 Kb).
\r\nRegardless of the regional choice, each zone or subzone has a core dangerousness value, expressed in terms of maximum acceleration on rigid ground (ag). This value does not influence planning.
\r\n
\r\nCurrent Technical Regulations for Buildings (Ministerial Decree of 14 January 2008), in fact, have indeed modified the role that seismic classification had for planning purposes: for each zone – and thus municipal territory – a value of peak acceleration, and consequently a spectrum of elastic response, was previously supplied to calculate seismic actions.
\r\nAs of 1 July 2009, 2008 Technical Regulations for Buildings came into force: each building has its own acceleration, according to geographical coordinates of the project area and to the nominal design life of a building: the degree of core dangerousness, then, can be defined for each point of the national territory, within an area of 5 sq. metres, regardless of local administrative borders.
\r\nSeismic classification (which seismic zone a municipality belongs to) is thus useful only for planning management and territorial control by relevant boards (Region, Genio, etc.).
The Italian National Accelerometric Network - Ran is the monitoring network of the seismic response of Italian territory, based on ground acceleration.
\nRecorded data allow to describe the shaking in epicentral area in detail and to estimate expected effects on constructions and infrastructures. Moreover, they are useful for seismology and seismic engineering studies, and can help defining seismic actions to be applied in structural calculations for the reconstruction.
\nThe Ran is distributed across the Italian territory, and more densely in high seismicity zones. The network is managed by specialized technicians of the Italian Civil Protection Deptartment.
\nConfiguration. The Ran network consists of over 700 digital stations equipped with an accelerometer, a digitizer, a modem/router with an antenna to transfer digitized data via GPRS, and a GPS receiver to associate UTC universal time with the data and measure the station's latitude and longitude. Some of these are located inside Enel Distribuzione electrical substations, while others are located on public land.
\nData reach the central RAN server in the headquarters of the Italian Civil Protection Department, where they are stored and automatically processed in order to get an estimate of the main parameters describing the seismic event.
\nData from other publicly owned accelerometer networks flow into the Ran database in near real time, based on programmatic agreements and conventions. The parameters and waveforms are automatically stored in the central database and then made available on this website: ran.protezionecivile.it.
\n","value":"The Italian National Accelerometric Network - Ran is the monitoring network of the seismic response of Italian territory, based on ground acceleration.
\r\n
\r\nRecorded data allow to describe the shaking in epicentral area in detail and to estimate expected effects on constructions and infrastructures. Moreover, they are useful for seismology and seismic engineering studies, and can help defining seismic actions to be applied in structural calculations for the reconstruction.
\r\n
\r\nThe Ran is distributed across the Italian territory, and more densely in high seismicity zones. The network is managed by specialized technicians of the Italian Civil Protection Deptartment.
\r\n
\r\nConfiguration. The Ran network consists of over 700 digital stations equipped with an accelerometer, a digitizer, a modem/router with an antenna to transfer digitized data via GPRS, and a GPS receiver to associate UTC universal time with the data and measure the station's latitude and longitude. Some of these are located inside Enel Distribuzione electrical substations, while others are located on public land.
\r\n
\r\nData reach the central RAN server in the headquarters of the Italian Civil Protection Department, where they are stored and automatically processed in order to get an estimate of the main parameters describing the seismic event.
\r\n
\r\nData from other publicly owned accelerometer networks flow into the Ran database in near real time, based on programmatic agreements and conventions. The parameters and waveforms are automatically stored in the central database and then made available on this website: ran.protezionecivile.it.
The Seismic Observatory of Structures (Oss) was conceived, designed, and managed by the technical staff of the Department's Seismic Risk Unit, which implemented it with own funds and European tenders. The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, the Regions, Local and other Public Bodies co-operate to choose structures for the permanent Oss network and for the temporary emergency network, sometimes contributing financially and operationally. Through a special maintenance service, a very high efficiency rate is granted to the network (around 97%).
\nThrough the Oss national network, the Civil Protection Department monitors the oscillations caused by earthquake in 173 publicly owned buildings: 160 buildings (including 70 schools, equal to 44%, 46 municipal buildings and prefectures, equal to 29%, 29 hospitals, equal to 18%, and 15 other types, equal to 9%), as well as 7 bridges and 6 dams. These buildings are located in municipalities classified mainly in seismic zones 1 (35%) and 2 (54%).
\n","value":"The Seismic Observatory of Structures (Oss) was conceived, designed, and managed by the technical staff of the Department's Seismic Risk Unit, which implemented it with own funds and European tenders. The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, the Regions, Local and other Public Bodies co-operate to choose structures for the permanent Oss network and for the temporary emergency network, sometimes contributing financially and operationally. Through a special maintenance service, a very high efficiency rate is granted to the network (around 97%).
\r\n\r\nThrough the Oss national network, the Civil Protection Department monitors the oscillations caused by earthquake in 173 publicly owned buildings: 160 buildings (including 70 schools, equal to 44%, 46 municipal buildings and prefectures, equal to 29%, 29 hospitals, equal to 18%, and 15 other types, equal to 9%), as well as 7 bridges and 6 dams. These buildings are located in municipalities classified mainly in seismic zones 1 (35%) and 2 (54%).
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_data":"2016-07-24T23:20:00+02:00","field_categoria_primaria":"approfondimento","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/approfondimento/oss-seismic-observatory-structures/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Rischi"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":null}},{"__typename":"node__approfondimento","title":"Seismic microzonation","field_titolo_esteso":"Seismic microzonation","body":{"processed":"After an earthquake, the observation of damages on constructions and infrastructures often highlights substantial differences in different built-up areas, even at short distance among them. In some cases, noteworthy collapses and damages occurred in places lying at great distance from the epicentre.
\nIn occasion of L'Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009, these type of situations were found both in the municipal territory of L'Aquila and in some distant municipalities, such as S.Pio delle Camere, the fraction of Castelnuovo (about 30 km SE of the epicentre). The quality of buildings definitely plays a major role in the damage entity, but often causes are linked to the local seismic dangerousness, determined also by the different earthquake propagation, or by the instability of the soil.
These considerations are part of the studies of Seismic Microzonation (SM), though which it is possibile to pick out and characterize stable areas, stable areas susceptible to local amplification and areas subject to instability, such as landslides, surface fractures and soil liquefaction.
\nHistorical studies of Seismic Microzonation
\nIssues handled in the studies of Seismic Microzonation have had a strong development at scientific level over the last 40 years, although the importance of characteristics of resistance and soil seismic stability was highlighted also in the past. Starting from XVIII century, with the rise of the Enlightenment vision of natural phenomena, it was clear to experts that local conditions of foundation soils considerably affected the earthquake effects. Even one cenrury ago, informative criteria of the Technical Regulations approved with royal decree on 18 April 1909, no. 193, following the catastrophic earthquake of Messina and Reggio Calabria of 1908, reported the prohibition of new constructions and reconstructions “on soil above or close to ruptures, loose or o apt to fall, or to communicate to buildings vibrations and stresses depending on different geological constitution or different resistance of the single parts”.
\nInternationally, a 1969 study by American scholars of the 1957 S. Francisco earthquake pointed out that within the same city, a few hundred meters apart, the same earthquake had caused significantly different shaking depending on the thicknesses and geomechanical characteristics of the soils present in the more superficial layers. Since then, many studies have been carried out on severe earthquakes (e.g., Friuli, 1976; Irpinia, 1980; Mexico City, 1985; Kobe, Japan, 1992; Izmit, Turkey, 1999; San Giuliano di Puglia, 2002), and data have been collected showing how local land characteristics can dramatically alter seismic action.
The objectives of Seismic Microzonation
\nSeismic microzonation studies aim to streamline knowledge about the alterations that seismic shaking can experience on the surface, providing helpful information for land use governance, design, emergency planning, and post-earthquake reconstruction.
In territorial planning, depending on the several scales and levels of intervention, Seismic Microzonation studies are conducted on those areas for which the regulatory framework allows or foresees their use for building or infrastructure purposes, their potential transformation for these purposes, or anticipates their use for civil protection purposes.
\nMS studies are of paramount importance in the planning process to:
\n- direct the selection of areas for new settlements
\n- define allowable interventions in each area
\n- plan investigations and levels of depth
\n- determine guidelines and procedures for intervention in urbanized areas
\n- define priorities for intervention.
All these are the topics of Seismic Microzonation (MS) studies, through which it is possible to identify and qualify stable zones, stable zones susceptible to local amplification, and zones subject to instability, such as landslides, fault surface ruptures, and dynamic soil liquefaction.
\nIn emergency planning, whether at the municipal or provincial level, MS studies allow for better and more informed identification of an emergency plan's strategic elements and civil protection resources in general.
\nAwareness of the possible local effects induced by a seismic event on an area contributes to:
\n- select emergency areas and facilities and strategic buildings in stable areas
\n- identify \"critical\" sections of road and service infrastructure and relevant works for which specific safety evaluations might be needed in the event of a collapse.
In the reconstruction phase, Seismic Microzonation:
\n- contributes to the selection of areas for temporary housing
\n- provides elements to engineers and administrators on the suitability of reconstructing unusable buildings
\n- helps to choose new building areas.
\nIn planning new works or interventions on existing works, Seismic Microzonation studies emphasize the presence of phenomena of possible amplification of shaking linked to the lithostratigraphic and morphological characteristics of the area and phenomena of instability and permanent deformation activated by the earthquake. Seismic Microzonation studies, therefore, can offer relevant elements for the design of works, with different impacts depending on the level of depth and characteristics of the works, addressing the choice of detailed investigations.
The Seismic Microzonation study is a cognitive tool with different potentials, which has different costs depending on the desired level of in-depth study:
\n- level 1 is a preparatory level to the actual MS studies, as it involves a collection of pre-existing data, processed to divide the territory into qualitatively homogeneous micro areas
\n- level 2 introduces the quantitative element associated with the homogeneous zones, using additional and targeted investigations where necessary, and defines an accurate MS map
\n- level 3 provides an MS map with insights into particular issues or areas.
\nWhen deciding on the execution of the study, the utility that can be gained from it should be kept in mind when determining the level of in-depth study to compare it with the costs to be faced. The improved knowledge produced by MS studies can contribute concretely, along with vulnerability and exposure studies, to optimizing resources available for interventions focused on seismic risk mitigation. The technical procedures for the execution and application of MS on the Italian territory are defined by the Guidelines for Seismic Microzonation, \"Indirizzi e Criteri per la Microzonazione Sismica,\" recently approved by the Civil Protection Department and the Conference of Regions and Autonomous Provinces (MS Working Group, 2008).
After an earthquake, the observation of damages on constructions and infrastructures often highlights substantial differences in different built-up areas, even at short distance among them. In some cases, noteworthy collapses and damages occurred in places lying at great distance from the epicentre.
\r\nIn occasion of L'Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009, these type of situations were found both in the municipal territory of L'Aquila and in some distant municipalities, such as S.Pio delle Camere, the fraction of Castelnuovo (about 30 km SE of the epicentre). The quality of buildings definitely plays a major role in the damage entity, but often causes are linked to the local seismic dangerousness, determined also by the different earthquake propagation, or by the instability of the soil.
\r\n
\r\nThese considerations are part of the studies of Seismic Microzonation (SM), though which it is possibile to pick out and characterize stable areas, stable areas susceptible to local amplification and areas subject to instability, such as landslides, surface fractures and soil liquefaction.
\r\n
\r\nHistorical studies of Seismic Microzonation
\r\nIssues handled in the studies of Seismic Microzonation have had a strong development at scientific level over the last 40 years, although the importance of characteristics of resistance and soil seismic stability was highlighted also in the past. Starting from XVIII century, with the rise of the Enlightenment vision of natural phenomena, it was clear to experts that local conditions of foundation soils considerably affected the earthquake effects. Even one cenrury ago, informative criteria of the Technical Regulations approved with royal decree on 18 April 1909, no. 193, following the catastrophic earthquake of Messina and Reggio Calabria of 1908, reported the prohibition of new constructions and reconstructions “on soil above or close to ruptures, loose or o apt to fall, or to communicate to buildings vibrations and stresses depending on different geological constitution or different resistance of the single parts”.
\r\nInternationally, a 1969 study by American scholars of the 1957 S. Francisco earthquake pointed out that within the same city, a few hundred meters apart, the same earthquake had caused significantly different shaking depending on the thicknesses and geomechanical characteristics of the soils present in the more superficial layers. Since then, many studies have been carried out on severe earthquakes (e.g., Friuli, 1976; Irpinia, 1980; Mexico City, 1985; Kobe, Japan, 1992; Izmit, Turkey, 1999; San Giuliano di Puglia, 2002), and data have been collected showing how local land characteristics can dramatically alter seismic action.
The objectives of Seismic Microzonation
\r\nSeismic microzonation studies aim to streamline knowledge about the alterations that seismic shaking can experience on the surface, providing helpful information for land use governance, design, emergency planning, and post-earthquake reconstruction.
In territorial planning, depending on the several scales and levels of intervention, Seismic Microzonation studies are conducted on those areas for which the regulatory framework allows or foresees their use for building or infrastructure purposes, their potential transformation for these purposes, or anticipates their use for civil protection purposes.
\r\nMS studies are of paramount importance in the planning process to:
\r\n- direct the selection of areas for new settlements
\r\n- define allowable interventions in each area
\r\n- plan investigations and levels of depth
\r\n- determine guidelines and procedures for intervention in urbanized areas
\r\n- define priorities for intervention.
All these are the topics of Seismic Microzonation (MS) studies, through which it is possible to identify and qualify stable zones, stable zones susceptible to local amplification, and zones subject to instability, such as landslides, fault surface ruptures, and dynamic soil liquefaction.
\r\n\r\nIn emergency planning, whether at the municipal or provincial level, MS studies allow for better and more informed identification of an emergency plan's strategic elements and civil protection resources in general.
\r\nAwareness of the possible local effects induced by a seismic event on an area contributes to:
\r\n- select emergency areas and facilities and strategic buildings in stable areas
\r\n- identify \"critical\" sections of road and service infrastructure and relevant works for which specific safety evaluations might be needed in the event of a collapse.
In the reconstruction phase, Seismic Microzonation:
\r\n- contributes to the selection of areas for temporary housing
\r\n- provides elements to engineers and administrators on the suitability of reconstructing unusable buildings
\r\n- helps to choose new building areas.
\r\nIn planning new works or interventions on existing works, Seismic Microzonation studies emphasize the presence of phenomena of possible amplification of shaking linked to the lithostratigraphic and morphological characteristics of the area and phenomena of instability and permanent deformation activated by the earthquake. Seismic Microzonation studies, therefore, can offer relevant elements for the design of works, with different impacts depending on the level of depth and characteristics of the works, addressing the choice of detailed investigations.
The Seismic Microzonation study is a cognitive tool with different potentials, which has different costs depending on the desired level of in-depth study:
\r\n- level 1 is a preparatory level to the actual MS studies, as it involves a collection of pre-existing data, processed to divide the territory into qualitatively homogeneous micro areas
\r\n- level 2 introduces the quantitative element associated with the homogeneous zones, using additional and targeted investigations where necessary, and defines an accurate MS map
\r\n- level 3 provides an MS map with insights into particular issues or areas.
\r\nWhen deciding on the execution of the study, the utility that can be gained from it should be kept in mind when determining the level of in-depth study to compare it with the costs to be faced. The improved knowledge produced by MS studies can contribute concretely, along with vulnerability and exposure studies, to optimizing resources available for interventions focused on seismic risk mitigation. The technical procedures for the execution and application of MS on the Italian territory are defined by the Guidelines for Seismic Microzonation, \"Indirizzi e Criteri per la Microzonazione Sismica,\" recently approved by the Civil Protection Department and the Conference of Regions and Autonomous Provinces (MS Working Group, 2008).
Italy has an invaluable cultural heritage, made of our historic centers. Still today, it is not possible to quantify its consistency and quality. This led the Civil Protection Department to create with the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities, a web application \"Centri Storici e Rischio Sismico - Csrs\" (Historical Centres and Seismic Risk - CSR) to share with all levels of government in the area.
\nWeb application
\nThe Csrs Historical Centers and Seismic Risk web page was created as a shared investigative tool to complete and update through a national network of information exchange between different levels of territorial government (Civil Protection Department, Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, Regions, Provinces, Local Authorities), the database \"Atlas of historical centers exposed to seismic risk\". The database is designed to support a model of analysis regarding the risk of \"cultural interest\" loss for historical centers exposed to earthquakes.
The census of historic centers exposed to risk draws on the results of collaborative activities provided for in the Agreement for the establishment, management, and development of databases of common interest for the purpose of assessing risks in the territory, signed on November 21, 2013.
\n","value":"Italy has an invaluable cultural heritage, made of our historic centers. Still today, it is not possible to quantify its consistency and quality. This led the Civil Protection Department to create with the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities, a web application \"Centri Storici e Rischio Sismico - Csrs\" (Historical Centres and Seismic Risk - CSR) to share with all levels of government in the area.
\r\n
\r\nWeb application
\r\nThe Csrs Historical Centers and Seismic Risk web page was created as a shared investigative tool to complete and update through a national network of information exchange between different levels of territorial government (Civil Protection Department, Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, Regions, Provinces, Local Authorities), the database \"Atlas of historical centers exposed to seismic risk\". The database is designed to support a model of analysis regarding the risk of \"cultural interest\" loss for historical centers exposed to earthquakes.
The census of historic centers exposed to risk draws on the results of collaborative activities provided for in the Agreement for the establishment, management, and development of databases of common interest for the purpose of assessing risks in the territory, signed on November 21, 2013.
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_data":"2016-07-31T15:50:00+02:00","field_categoria_primaria":"approfondimento","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/approfondimento/census-historical-centres-exposed-seismic-risk/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Rischi"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":null}},{"__typename":"node__approfondimento","title":"National Plan for seismic risk prevention","field_titolo_esteso":"National Plan for seismic risk prevention","body":{"processed":"The seismic risk prevention fund.
Article 11 of Law No 77 of June 24, 2009 converting Decree Law No. 39 of 28 April 2009 for the reconstruction of Abruzzo, provides that interventions for the prevention of seismic risk are financed throughout the country, by means of a fund established in the budget of the Ministry of Economy and Finance.
The authorized expenditure is 44 million euro for 2010, 145.1 million euro for 2011, 195.6 million euro for each of the years 2012, 2013 and 2014, 145.1 million euro for 2015 and 44 million euro for 2016. The implementation of Article 11 is entrusted to the Civil Protection Department and regulated by orders of the President of the Council of Ministers. The total amount is 965 million euros. However, although considerable compared to the past, it represents only a small percentage, less than 1% of the need that is necessary for the complete seismic adjustment of all buildings, public and private, and strategic infrastructure works. This operation will allow the safety of other public structures continuing the programs already started after the earthquake of S. Giuliano di Puglia and will encourage a decisive step forward in the growth of a seismic prevention culture by the population and public administrators.
\nWith order of the President of the Council of Ministers No. 3843 of 19 January 2010 a Commission of experts on seismic risk has been established, which has defined objectives and general criteria for an effective prevention action to be implemented with the funds made available by art. 11. The objectives identified by the Commission concern, in particular, the mitigation of seismic risk through actions and interventions only marginally developed in past years, such as: seismic microzonation studies for the selection of suitable places to build and interventions on private buildings, through direct economic contributions for the strengthening or improvement of seismic structures. The use of art. 11 funds is regulated by orders of the President of the Council of Ministers, in compliance with the objectives and criteria defined by the Commission of experts. Following the publication of the orders that regulate the use of funds from the seven annual installments, Order of the Head of Department No 675 of May 18, 2020, was issued and published in the Official Gazette on May 25, 2020. This order aims to optimize the actions initiated over the years by introducing flexibility mechanisms in the use of resources allocated to the regions.
\nThe seismic risk prevention fund, by Law No. 145 of December 30, 2018, has been refinanced for 50 million euros starting in 2019. The funds available and the related actions for the 2019, 2020 and 2021 annuities are governed by Order of the Head of Department No. 780 of May 20, 2021, published in the Official Gazette of June 17, 2021.
\nThe pages relating to the funds disbursed for each year contain: reference standards, documents and tools made available for the implementation of the planned prevention measures, in compliance with standards and criteria shared with the Regions and Autonomous Provinces.
\n> Visit the Q&A dedicated to general features of funding
> Visit the Q&A dedicated to interventions on buildings and public works
\n> Visit the Q&A dedicated to interventions on private buildings
The seismic risk prevention fund.
\r\nArticle 11 of Law No 77 of June 24, 2009 converting Decree Law No. 39 of 28 April 2009 for the reconstruction of Abruzzo, provides that interventions for the prevention of seismic risk are financed throughout the country, by means of a fund established in the budget of the Ministry of Economy and Finance.
The authorized expenditure is 44 million euro for 2010, 145.1 million euro for 2011, 195.6 million euro for each of the years 2012, 2013 and 2014, 145.1 million euro for 2015 and 44 million euro for 2016. The implementation of Article 11 is entrusted to the Civil Protection Department and regulated by orders of the President of the Council of Ministers. The total amount is 965 million euros. However, although considerable compared to the past, it represents only a small percentage, less than 1% of the need that is necessary for the complete seismic adjustment of all buildings, public and private, and strategic infrastructure works. This operation will allow the safety of other public structures continuing the programs already started after the earthquake of S. Giuliano di Puglia and will encourage a decisive step forward in the growth of a seismic prevention culture by the population and public administrators.
\r\n
\r\nWith order of the President of the Council of Ministers No. 3843 of 19 January 2010 a Commission of experts on seismic risk has been established, which has defined objectives and general criteria for an effective prevention action to be implemented with the funds made available by art. 11. The objectives identified by the Commission concern, in particular, the mitigation of seismic risk through actions and interventions only marginally developed in past years, such as: seismic microzonation studies for the selection of suitable places to build and interventions on private buildings, through direct economic contributions for the strengthening or improvement of seismic structures. The use of art. 11 funds is regulated by orders of the President of the Council of Ministers, in compliance with the objectives and criteria defined by the Commission of experts. Following the publication of the orders that regulate the use of funds from the seven annual installments, Order of the Head of Department No 675 of May 18, 2020, was issued and published in the Official Gazette on May 25, 2020. This order aims to optimize the actions initiated over the years by introducing flexibility mechanisms in the use of resources allocated to the regions.
The seismic risk prevention fund, by Law No. 145 of December 30, 2018, has been refinanced for 50 million euros starting in 2019. The funds available and the related actions for the 2019, 2020 and 2021 annuities are governed by Order of the Head of Department No. 780 of May 20, 2021, published in the Official Gazette of June 17, 2021.
\r\n\r\nThe pages relating to the funds disbursed for each year contain: reference standards, documents and tools made available for the implementation of the planned prevention measures, in compliance with standards and criteria shared with the Regions and Autonomous Provinces.
\r\n\r\n> Visit the Q&A dedicated to general features of funding
\r\n> Visit the Q&A dedicated to interventions on buildings and public works
\r\n> Visit the Q&A dedicated to interventions on private buildings
Director: see references of the Office of the Deputy Head of Department
Phone: 06/68204868
E-mail: ufficio.post@protezionecivile.it
Office III - Emergency Recovery:
\nThe Office is divided into:
\n","value":"Director: see references of the Office of the Deputy Head of Department
\r\nPhone: 06/68204868
\r\nE-mail: ufficio.post@protezionecivile.it
Office III - Emergency Recovery:
\r\n\r\nThe Office is divided into:
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_data":"2018-02-05T11:05:00+01:00","field_categoria_primaria":"approfondimento","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/department/structure/office-iii-emergency-recovery/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Portale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":null}}]},"drupal_internal__id":16289},{"field_titolo":"Damage scenarios","field_tabella":null,"field_testo":{"processed":"After a seismic event, the first information needed for immediate response activities is the size, extent, and location of the damage.
\nFor this reason, assessment tools based on damage scenario simulations are essential, allowing for the planning and management of emergency response in real time, even before site visits. These tools must be accompanied by rapid damage assessment activities to consolidate preliminary analyses and projections based on the initial instrumental data recorded by the seismic monitoring network. In the event of earthquakes above the damage threshold, a rapid macroseismic survey is carried out to guide and coordinate rescue operations and resources during the emergency phase. The survey consists of observing the level of damage and its distribution in the different affected locations, assigning each of them a macroseismic intensity value expressed in degrees on the Mercalli Cancani Sieberg (MCS) scale.
\nDuring the first hours after an earthquake, it is fundamentally important to know as soon as possible the extent of the event and its impact in the area and on the population in order to activate, size and organise aid suitably.
\nThe Department has a geographic information system (GIS) capable of generating a simulation scenario of the consequences of the seismic event in near real time. In the event of a significant magnitude earthquake, the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology transmits the focal parameters (magnitude and coordinates) of the event to the Department. An automatic procedure is immediately activated to generate a report that is made available to the Civil Protection Department within 10 minutes of the event. The report contains data, maps, and information relating to all municipalities within a 100 km radius of the epicenter, and in particular:
\n• description of the territory (anthropogenic, physical and administrative aspects; characteristics of buildings and infrastructures; seismic monitoring networks)
\n• hazard (seismogenic zones, past earthquakes, isoseismal lines and relief mapping, attenuation of ground movement)
\n• vulnerability (building assets, schools, hospitals, road and rail network)
\n• exposure (characteristics and distribution of the population living in each section investigated)
\n• preliminary assessment of damage and losses (damaged houses and those unfit for use, estimate of dead and injured, estimate of economic damage).
\n","value":"
After a seismic event, the first information needed for immediate response activities is the size, extent, and location of the damage.
\r\n\r\nFor this reason, assessment tools based on damage scenario simulations are essential, allowing for the planning and management of emergency response in real time, even before site visits. These tools must be accompanied by rapid damage assessment activities to consolidate preliminary analyses and projections based on the initial instrumental data recorded by the seismic monitoring network. In the event of earthquakes above the damage threshold, a rapid macroseismic survey is carried out to guide and coordinate rescue operations and resources during the emergency phase. The survey consists of observing the level of damage and its distribution in the different affected locations, assigning each of them a macroseismic intensity value expressed in degrees on the Mercalli Cancani Sieberg (MCS) scale.
\r\n
\r\nDuring the first hours after an earthquake, it is fundamentally important to know as soon as possible the extent of the event and its impact in the area and on the population in order to activate, size and organise aid suitably.
The Department has a geographic information system (GIS) capable of generating a simulation scenario of the consequences of the seismic event in near real time. In the event of a significant magnitude earthquake, the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology transmits the focal parameters (magnitude and coordinates) of the event to the Department. An automatic procedure is immediately activated to generate a report that is made available to the Civil Protection Department within 10 minutes of the event. The report contains data, maps, and information relating to all municipalities within a 100 km radius of the epicenter, and in particular:
\r\n\r\n• description of the territory (anthropogenic, physical and administrative aspects; characteristics of buildings and infrastructures; seismic monitoring networks)
\r\n• hazard (seismogenic zones, past earthquakes, isoseismal lines and relief mapping, attenuation of ground movement)
\r\n• vulnerability (building assets, schools, hospitals, road and rail network)
\r\n• exposure (characteristics and distribution of the population living in each section investigated)
\r\n• preliminary assessment of damage and losses (damaged houses and those unfit for use, estimate of dead and injured, estimate of economic damage).
\r\n"},"relationships":{"field_immagine":null,"field_video":null,"field_link_interni":[{"__typename":"node__approfondimento","title":"Seismic vulnerability","field_titolo_esteso":"Seismic vulnerability","body":{"processed":"
Seismic vulnerability is a building’s potential for a given level of damage due to a seismic event of a given intensity.
\nOne of the main causes of death during an earthquake is building collapse. To reduce the loss of human lives, buildings must be made safe. Laws governing construction in seismic zones today state that buildings must not be damaged by low-intensity earthquakes, must not be structurally damaged by medium-intensity earthquakes and must not collapse in the event of severe earthquakes despite suffering serious damage.
\nA building may suffer structural damage to its load-bearing parts (pillars, beams) and/or non-structural parts that do not affect its instability (chimneys, cornices, partitions). The kind of damage depends on: the structure of the building, its age, materials, location, vicinity to other buildings and non-structural elements. When an earthquake occurs, the ground moves horizontally and/or vertically, pushing a building backwards and forwards. The building thus starts to sway and deform. If the structure is flexible and therefore able to undergo great deformation, despite suffering great damage it will not collapse. The damage also depends on the duration and intensity of the earthquake.
\nAfter an earthquake, to assess a building’s vulnerability, it is enough to inspect the damage caused, associating it with the intensity of the tremor. Whereas assessment of building vulnerability before a seismic event occurs is more complex. This is why statistical and mechanistic methods have been perfected, in conjunction with expert opinions.
\nStatistical methods classify buildings according to their construction materials and techniques, based on damage observed in previous earthquakes to the same kind of buildings. This technique requires damage data from past earthquakes, which is not always available, and cannot be used to assess the vulnerability of individual buildings, because it is statistical in nature and not specific. Mechanistic methods, on the other hand, use theory models that reproduce the main characteristics of the buildings being assessed for study of the damage caused by simulated earthquakes. Finally, some methods use expert opinions to assess the seismic behaviour and vulnerability of predefined structural types or to identify the factors that determine the behaviour of buildings and assess their influence on vulnerability.
\nIn order to assess the vulnerability of buildings throughout the country, it is necessary to use statistical methods that employ consistent data on the building's characteristics. In Italy, data from ISTAT housing censuses are available and are used in the application of statistical methods.
\n","value":"Seismic vulnerability is a building’s potential for a given level of damage due to a seismic event of a given intensity.
\r\n
\r\nOne of the main causes of death during an earthquake is building collapse. To reduce the loss of human lives, buildings must be made safe. Laws governing construction in seismic zones today state that buildings must not be damaged by low-intensity earthquakes, must not be structurally damaged by medium-intensity earthquakes and must not collapse in the event of severe earthquakes despite suffering serious damage.
\r\n
\r\nA building may suffer structural damage to its load-bearing parts (pillars, beams) and/or non-structural parts that do not affect its instability (chimneys, cornices, partitions). The kind of damage depends on: the structure of the building, its age, materials, location, vicinity to other buildings and non-structural elements. When an earthquake occurs, the ground moves horizontally and/or vertically, pushing a building backwards and forwards. The building thus starts to sway and deform. If the structure is flexible and therefore able to undergo great deformation, despite suffering great damage it will not collapse. The damage also depends on the duration and intensity of the earthquake.
\r\n
\r\nAfter an earthquake, to assess a building’s vulnerability, it is enough to inspect the damage caused, associating it with the intensity of the tremor. Whereas assessment of building vulnerability before a seismic event occurs is more complex. This is why statistical and mechanistic methods have been perfected, in conjunction with expert opinions.
\r\n
\r\nStatistical methods classify buildings according to their construction materials and techniques, based on damage observed in previous earthquakes to the same kind of buildings. This technique requires damage data from past earthquakes, which is not always available, and cannot be used to assess the vulnerability of individual buildings, because it is statistical in nature and not specific. Mechanistic methods, on the other hand, use theory models that reproduce the main characteristics of the buildings being assessed for study of the damage caused by simulated earthquakes. Finally, some methods use expert opinions to assess the seismic behaviour and vulnerability of predefined structural types or to identify the factors that determine the behaviour of buildings and assess their influence on vulnerability.
In order to assess the vulnerability of buildings throughout the country, it is necessary to use statistical methods that employ consistent data on the building's characteristics. In Italy, data from ISTAT housing censuses are available and are used in the application of statistical methods.
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_data":"2018-02-28T15:43:00+01:00","field_categoria_primaria":"approfondimento","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/approfondimento/seismic-vulnerability/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Rischi"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":null}},{"__typename":"node__approfondimento","title":"Exposure","field_titolo_esteso":"Exposure","body":{"processed":"The first objective for a general earthquake protection programme is safeguarding human life. For this reason it is very important to assess the number of people involved, dead and/or injured.
\nThere are various different causes for loss of human life: the collapse of buildings, bridges and other constructions and also road accidents. Then there are those linked to phenomena triggered by the earthquake, such as landslides, land liquefaction, tidal waves and fires. Various statistics obtained from major earthquakes around the world have shown that around 25% of deaths in an earthquake are due to none structural damage of buildings (falling partition walls, glass, cornices, roof tiles, etc.) and phenomena caused by the earthquake.
\nIt can generally be estimated, with a certain margin for error and especially for more severe earthquakes, how many people were involved, using calculations based on the number of collapsed or damaged buildings. Several considerations are needed to be able to make these estimates:
\n• the number of people living in the buildings
\n• the time of the earthquake
\n• the possibilities of escape and/or protection
\n• how people were affected (dead or injured)
\n• the possibility of dying even after aid has been given.
It is very difficult to accurately estimate the consequences of an earthquake in terms of human lives at different times of the day and year. The number of people living in a house in fact varies from region to region, from the city to the countryside and depends on the size of families. Furthermore, in the daytime, the number of people present in a building depends on its use. For example, offices have maximum presence during the middle of the day and are virtually empty during the night. On the other hand, the number of people in a city dwelling in the evening and at night is, on average, lower than those present in a house in the countryside because cities offer more alternatives at these times, both for pleasure and work, often outside the home. Reference to the kind of buildings and relative inhabitants, however, may provide a global estimate acceptable for violent earthquakes that affect large areas.
\nAnother important aspect of the exposure is the presence in Italy of a priceless cultural heritage, consisting of the current buildings in our historic centers, which still eludes systematic quantification in terms of consistency and quality. The first step in preventing and reducing seismic risk to historic architectural heritage is, of course, knowledge of the assets at risk.
\nTherefore, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture (MiC), a nationwide census of historic centers exposed to risk has been launched, along with the development of a method for assessing the vulnerability of historic buildings, through the creation of a special web tool called “Historic Centers and Seismic Risk - Csrs,” to be shared with all relevant institutions in the area.
The first objective for a general earthquake protection programme is safeguarding human life. For this reason it is very important to assess the number of people involved, dead and/or injured.
\r\n
\r\nThere are various different causes for loss of human life: the collapse of buildings, bridges and other constructions and also road accidents. Then there are those linked to phenomena triggered by the earthquake, such as landslides, land liquefaction, tidal waves and fires. Various statistics obtained from major earthquakes around the world have shown that around 25% of deaths in an earthquake are due to none structural damage of buildings (falling partition walls, glass, cornices, roof tiles, etc.) and phenomena caused by the earthquake.
\r\n
\r\nIt can generally be estimated, with a certain margin for error and especially for more severe earthquakes, how many people were involved, using calculations based on the number of collapsed or damaged buildings. Several considerations are needed to be able to make these estimates:
\r\n• the number of people living in the buildings
\r\n• the time of the earthquake
\r\n• the possibilities of escape and/or protection
\r\n• how people were affected (dead or injured)
\r\n• the possibility of dying even after aid has been given.
It is very difficult to accurately estimate the consequences of an earthquake in terms of human lives at different times of the day and year. The number of people living in a house in fact varies from region to region, from the city to the countryside and depends on the size of families. Furthermore, in the daytime, the number of people present in a building depends on its use. For example, offices have maximum presence during the middle of the day and are virtually empty during the night. On the other hand, the number of people in a city dwelling in the evening and at night is, on average, lower than those present in a house in the countryside because cities offer more alternatives at these times, both for pleasure and work, often outside the home. Reference to the kind of buildings and relative inhabitants, however, may provide a global estimate acceptable for violent earthquakes that affect large areas.
\r\n\r\nAnother important aspect of the exposure is the presence in Italy of a priceless cultural heritage, consisting of the current buildings in our historic centers, which still eludes systematic quantification in terms of consistency and quality. The first step in preventing and reducing seismic risk to historic architectural heritage is, of course, knowledge of the assets at risk.
\r\nTherefore, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture (MiC), a nationwide census of historic centers exposed to risk has been launched, along with the development of a method for assessing the vulnerability of historic buildings, through the creation of a special web tool called “Historic Centers and Seismic Risk - Csrs,” to be shared with all relevant institutions in the area.
In order to effectively manage a post-earthquake emergency, quick damage and agibility assessment activities on public and private buildings and on buildings of cultural interest play a fundamental role. In fact, these activities aim to safeguard public safety, guarantee the timely return of the population to their homes and carry out the first urgent measures to secure the buildings in order to reduce the disadvantage of the people affected and possible further damage.
\nThe firefiighters are involved in these contexts and, within their powers and responsibilities, they carry out quick inspections to verify and facilitate the viability of roads, monitor the usability of buildings and mark the areas to be subjected to preventive interdiction. On the other hand, the National Civil Protection Service's technicians, equipped with adequate professional skills and suitably trained, have the task of proceeding with the precise, albeit expeditious, analysis of the buildings, carrying out inspections with the aid of technical evaluation sheets (Scheda Aedes and GL-Aedes). For this purpose, the Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers of 8 July 2014 established the National Technical Unit which works in order to optimise, according to a pre-established scheme in time of peace, the mobilisation of technical experts for post-seismic agility verifications in emergencies.
\nTechnicians from the Public Administration, voluntary organisations and professional associations and colleges to be enrolled in the National Technical Team are addressed by the Operational Guidelines for Training issued by decree of the Head of Department No. 3932 of December 12, 2025, aimed at integrating their previous skills and professional experience with knowledge that will allow them to be used in the post-seismic emergency.
\nThese post-seismic emergency activities require a considerable degree of standardisation of procedures and constant quality control in the management and organisation of surveys and inspections. With the aim of defining coordinated and integrated ways of organising and carrying out these activities, on 12 February 2021, the Department issued the Operational indications for the connection and coordination of post-seismic dispatchable technical inspection activities.
\n\n","value":"
In order to effectively manage a post-earthquake emergency, quick damage and agibility assessment activities on public and private buildings and on buildings of cultural interest play a fundamental role. In fact, these activities aim to safeguard public safety, guarantee the timely return of the population to their homes and carry out the first urgent measures to secure the buildings in order to reduce the disadvantage of the people affected and possible further damage.
\r\n\r\nThe firefiighters are involved in these contexts and, within their powers and responsibilities, they carry out quick inspections to verify and facilitate the viability of roads, monitor the usability of buildings and mark the areas to be subjected to preventive interdiction. On the other hand, the National Civil Protection Service's technicians, equipped with adequate professional skills and suitably trained, have the task of proceeding with the precise, albeit expeditious, analysis of the buildings, carrying out inspections with the aid of technical evaluation sheets (Scheda Aedes and GL-Aedes). For this purpose, the Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers of 8 July 2014 established the National Technical Unit which works in order to optimise, according to a pre-established scheme in time of peace, the mobilisation of technical experts for post-seismic agility verifications in emergencies.
\r\n\r\nTechnicians from the Public Administration, voluntary organisations and professional associations and colleges to be enrolled in the National Technical Team are addressed by the Operational Guidelines for Training issued by decree of the Head of Department No. 3932 of December 12, 2025, aimed at integrating their previous skills and professional experience with knowledge that will allow them to be used in the post-seismic emergency.
\r\n\r\nThese post-seismic emergency activities require a considerable degree of standardisation of procedures and constant quality control in the management and organisation of surveys and inspections. With the aim of defining coordinated and integrated ways of organising and carrying out these activities, on 12 February 2021, the Department issued the Operational indications for the connection and coordination of post-seismic dispatchable technical inspection activities.
\r\n\r\n\r\n"},"relationships":{"field_immagine":null,"field_video":null,"field_link_interni":[{"__typename":"node__approfondimento","title":"National dataset of Italian structural aggregates","field_titolo_esteso":"National dataset of Italian structural aggregates","body":{"processed":"
To support the activities of damage survey carried out on buildings after an earthquake, according to the operational indications issued on 12 February 2021, the Civil Protection Department realized this dataset, i.e. the digital cartography, of the structural aggregates present throughout Italy. Regions, Autonomous Provinces and the Revenue Agency collaborated in the project.
\nThis is a highly detailed collection of data on the urban building situation in Italy, mainly created from the information contained in the geotopographic databases of the Italian Regions and Autonomous Provinces. In cases where the data were not available in a complete and updated form, the collection was integrated with the cartography of cadastral buildings. In addition, the structural aggregates are divided on the basis of the ISTAT administrative territorial unit boundaries, updated to 2021.
\nTherefore, unlike the original data on buildings, which are heterogeneous in terms of their origins and methods of production - also in terms of time and geographical reference systems - the final product of this project ensured a national standardisation of the informations and processing data.
\nThe dataset is released under the Open CC-BY 4.0 licence for the open use of all interested parties and can be integrated with similar maps already released at local level, following the most important seismic events occurred, starting from the one that hit the province of L'Aquila in 2009. The dataset will be able to constitute
\nThe cartographic data, subdivided by macro-regions, and the related metadata are already available for free use, via the GitHub platform, together with general information on the entire project. The data have been made available in shapefile format and require specific software (GIS) to be consulted. Here the links to access:
\nTo support the activities of damage survey carried out on buildings after an earthquake, according to the operational indications issued on 12 February 2021, the Civil Protection Department realized this dataset, i.e. the digital cartography, of the structural aggregates present throughout Italy. Regions, Autonomous Provinces and the Revenue Agency collaborated in the project.
\r\n\r\nThis is a highly detailed collection of data on the urban building situation in Italy, mainly created from the information contained in the geotopographic databases of the Italian Regions and Autonomous Provinces. In cases where the data were not available in a complete and updated form, the collection was integrated with the cartography of cadastral buildings. In addition, the structural aggregates are divided on the basis of the ISTAT administrative territorial unit boundaries, updated to 2021.
\r\n\r\nTherefore, unlike the original data on buildings, which are heterogeneous in terms of their origins and methods of production - also in terms of time and geographical reference systems - the final product of this project ensured a national standardisation of the informations and processing data.
\r\n\r\nThe dataset is released under the Open CC-BY 4.0 licence for the open use of all interested parties and can be integrated with similar maps already released at local level, following the most important seismic events occurred, starting from the one that hit the province of L'Aquila in 2009. The dataset will be able to constitute
\r\n\r\nThe cartographic data, subdivided by macro-regions, and the related metadata are already available for free use, via the GitHub platform, together with general information on the entire project. The data have been made available in shapefile format and require specific software (GIS) to be consulted. Here the links to access:
\r\n\r\nItaly has an invaluable cultural heritage, made of our historic centers. Still today, it is not possible to quantify its consistency and quality. This led the Civil Protection Department to create with the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities, a web application \"Centri Storici e Rischio Sismico - Csrs\" (Historical Centres and Seismic Risk - CSR) to share with all levels of government in the area.
\nWeb application
\nThe Csrs Historical Centers and Seismic Risk web page was created as a shared investigative tool to complete and update through a national network of information exchange between different levels of territorial government (Civil Protection Department, Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, Regions, Provinces, Local Authorities), the database \"Atlas of historical centers exposed to seismic risk\". The database is designed to support a model of analysis regarding the risk of \"cultural interest\" loss for historical centers exposed to earthquakes.
The census of historic centers exposed to risk draws on the results of collaborative activities provided for in the Agreement for the establishment, management, and development of databases of common interest for the purpose of assessing risks in the territory, signed on November 21, 2013.
\n","value":"Italy has an invaluable cultural heritage, made of our historic centers. Still today, it is not possible to quantify its consistency and quality. This led the Civil Protection Department to create with the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities, a web application \"Centri Storici e Rischio Sismico - Csrs\" (Historical Centres and Seismic Risk - CSR) to share with all levels of government in the area.
\r\n
\r\nWeb application
\r\nThe Csrs Historical Centers and Seismic Risk web page was created as a shared investigative tool to complete and update through a national network of information exchange between different levels of territorial government (Civil Protection Department, Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, Regions, Provinces, Local Authorities), the database \"Atlas of historical centers exposed to seismic risk\". The database is designed to support a model of analysis regarding the risk of \"cultural interest\" loss for historical centers exposed to earthquakes.
The census of historic centers exposed to risk draws on the results of collaborative activities provided for in the Agreement for the establishment, management, and development of databases of common interest for the purpose of assessing risks in the territory, signed on November 21, 2013.
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\nThe Operational Indications are the result of an in-depth and articulated process of inter-institutional sharing, which included the creation of a round table between the Department and the National Fire Fighters Corps and a later exchange of observations with the Regions, Autonomous Provinces and other interested parties.
\nThe document's application areas include its implementation within the individual civil protection plans, at the various territorial and institutional levels, in particular in defining the procedures of the support function dedicated to damage assessment and post-earthquake agibility assessment.
\nThe Department also implemented the operational indications by realizing a dataset, i.e. a digital map of the structural aggregates present throughout Italy, to support the damage assessment activities. The Regions, Autonomous Provinces and the Agenzia delle Entrate (italian Revenue Agency) collaborated in the project.
\n","value":"On 12 February 2021, the Department of Civil Protection issued the Operational indications for the coordination of technical assessment activities after an earthquake. The aim of the document, addressed to components and operational structures of the National Service of Civil Protection, is to define the aims and timing phases of the different areas of recognition activated after an emergency by the Fire Fighters and trained technicians from components, operational structures and subjects of the National Service.
\r\n\r\nThe Operational Indications are the result of an in-depth and articulated process of inter-institutional sharing, which included the creation of a round table between the Department and the National Fire Fighters Corps and a later exchange of observations with the Regions, Autonomous Provinces and other interested parties.
\r\n\r\nThe document's application areas include its implementation within the individual civil protection plans, at the various territorial and institutional levels, in particular in defining the procedures of the support function dedicated to damage assessment and post-earthquake agibility assessment.
\r\n\r\nThe Department also implemented the operational indications by realizing a dataset, i.e. a digital map of the structural aggregates present throughout Italy, to support the damage assessment activities. The Regions, Autonomous Provinces and the Agenzia delle Entrate (italian Revenue Agency) collaborated in the project.
\r\n"},"field_data":"2021-05-13T10:55:22+02:00","field_categoria_primaria":"approfondimento","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/approfondimento/operational-indications-coordination-post-earthquake-technical-assessment-activities/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Portale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":null}}]},"drupal_internal__id":16291}],"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"Attività Rischio sismico","field_didascalia":"Attività Rischio sismico","field_titolo_esteso":"Attività Rischio sismico","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/550db8070166a39179c6108f8e87e3c5/sismico-att-eng.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5027322404371584,"src":"/static/550db8070166a39179c6108f8e87e3c5/7bc87/sismico-att-eng.jpg","srcSet":"/static/550db8070166a39179c6108f8e87e3c5/cf463/sismico-att-eng.jpg 275w,\n/static/550db8070166a39179c6108f8e87e3c5/7bc87/sismico-att-eng.jpg 376w","sizes":"(max-width: 376px) 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