Vesuvius is located less than 12km south-east of the city of Naples and about 10 km from Pompei, in a area populated since ancient times. Thanks to direct evidence throughout history, it has been possible to gather a variety of reports on its activities, making it one of the most famous volcanoes in the world. Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of Pompei and Herculaneum and Stabia.
\nThe Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex consists of an older building, Somma, characterized by a caldera, and a younger cone, Vesuvius, which grew up within the caldera after the eruption of Pompei in 79 AD.
\nThe last major eruption was in 1944. Since then the volcano has been in a quiescent stage characterized only by low seismicity and fumarolic activity. No precursory phenomena indicate a possible resumption of the eruptive activity in the short-term. Vesuvius is monitored 24 hours a day by the monitoring network of the Vesuvius Observatory, Naples section of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (Ingv).
\nIn order to safeguard the lives of 700 thousand people living on the slopes of the volcano, the Department has developed a National Plan of emergency with the collaboration of all the components and operational structures of the National Service of Civil Protection.
\nAt the moment, the alert level of the Vesuvius is green, namely, no anomalous phenomenon is occurring with regard to the ordinary activity of the volcano.
\n"},"fields":{"slug":"/approfondimento/vesuvio-0/"},"field_tabella":null,"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Rischi"},"field_riferimento_traduzione":{"fields":{"slug":"/approfondimento/vesuvio/"}},"field_immagine_singola":null,"field_mappa":null,"field_accordion":[{"field_titolo":"Videoconferences on activity status and alert levels","field_tabella":null,"field_testo":{"processed":"The last eruption of Vesuvius, in 1944, marked the end of a period of volcanic activity with an open conduit and the beginning of a period of quiescence, with an obstructed conduit. From 1944 to the present day, the volcano has given only fumarolic activity and seismic swarms of moderate energy, without deformation of the ground or significant changes in the physical and chemical parameters of the system.
\nThe Centre of competence in charge of monitoring the volcanic activity on Vesuvius are: the Vesuvius Observatory of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (Ingv) and the Institute for electromagnetic sensing of the environment (Irea) of the CNR-National Research Council.
\nOn the basis of the phenomena and risk assessments provided by the Centers of Competence, the Department of Civil Protection declares the levels of alert and operational phases in close collaboration with the structure of civil protection of the Campania Region, after hearing the opinion of the Major Risks Commission - Volcanic Risk Sector.
\nCurrently the level of alert for Vesuvius is green.
\n","value":"The last eruption of Vesuvius, in 1944, marked the end of a period of volcanic activity with an open conduit and the beginning of a period of quiescence, with an obstructed conduit. From 1944 to the present day, the volcano has given only fumarolic activity and seismic swarms of moderate energy, without deformation of the ground or significant changes in the physical and chemical parameters of the system.
\r\n\r\nThe Centre of competence in charge of monitoring the volcanic activity on Vesuvius are: the Vesuvius Observatory of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (Ingv) and the Institute for electromagnetic sensing of the environment (Irea) of the CNR-National Research Council.
\r\n\r\nOn the basis of the phenomena and risk assessments provided by the Centers of Competence, the Department of Civil Protection declares the levels of alert and operational phases in close collaboration with the structure of civil protection of the Campania Region, after hearing the opinion of the Major Risks Commission - Volcanic Risk Sector.
\r\n\r\nCurrently the level of alert for Vesuvius is green.
\r\n"},"relationships":{"field_immagine":null,"field_video":null,"field_link_interni":[]},"drupal_internal__id":20296},{"field_titolo":"National civil protection plan for volcanic risk at Vesuvius","field_tabella":null,"field_testo":{"processed":"As part of the national civil protection plan for volcanic risk at Vesuvius, a red zone and a yellow zone have been identified.
\nThe red zone includes: an area exposed to potential pyroclastic flows which, due to high temperatures and speed, represent the most dangerous phenomenon for people, and an area subject to high risk of building roof collapse due to the accumulation of pyroclastic deposits, such as volcanic ashes and lapilli.
\nThe red zone includes 25 municipalities in the provinces of Naples and Salerno: Boscoreale, Boscotrecase, Cercola, Ercolano, Massa di Somma, Ottaviano, Pollena Trocchia, Pompei, Portici, Sant'Anastasia, San Giorgio a Cremano, San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, San Giuseppe Vesuviano, Somma Vesuviana, Terzigno, Torre Annunziata, Torre del Greco, Trecase, Palma Campania, Poggiomarino, San Gennaro Vesuviano, and Scafati, and only part of the districts of Barra, Ponticelli, and San Giovanni a Teduccio in the municipality of Naples, the municipality of Nola, and Pomigliano d'Arco in the municipality of Sant'Anastasia.
\nThe yellow zone, outside the red zone, covers the area that, in the event of an eruption, is exposed to significant fallout of volcanic ash and pyroclastic materials, the accumulation of which could damage some buildings. The yellow zone includes 63 municipalities and three districts of the municipality of Naples.
\nFor more information on the national emergency plan for volcanic risk at Vesuvius and to view the map showing the red and yellow zones, please read the dedicated section.
\n","value":"As part of the national civil protection plan for volcanic risk at Vesuvius, a red zone and a yellow zone have been identified.
\r\n\r\nThe red zone includes: an area exposed to potential pyroclastic flows which, due to high temperatures and speed, represent the most dangerous phenomenon for people, and an area subject to high risk of building roof collapse due to the accumulation of pyroclastic deposits, such as volcanic ashes and lapilli.
\r\n\r\nThe red zone includes 25 municipalities in the provinces of Naples and Salerno: Boscoreale, Boscotrecase, Cercola, Ercolano, Massa di Somma, Ottaviano, Pollena Trocchia, Pompei, Portici, Sant'Anastasia, San Giorgio a Cremano, San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, San Giuseppe Vesuviano, Somma Vesuviana, Terzigno, Torre Annunziata, Torre del Greco, Trecase, Palma Campania, Poggiomarino, San Gennaro Vesuviano, and Scafati, and only part of the districts of Barra, Ponticelli, and San Giovanni a Teduccio in the municipality of Naples, the municipality of Nola, and Pomigliano d'Arco in the municipality of Sant'Anastasia.
\r\n\r\nThe yellow zone, outside the red zone, covers the area that, in the event of an eruption, is exposed to significant fallout of volcanic ash and pyroclastic materials, the accumulation of which could damage some buildings. The yellow zone includes 63 municipalities and three districts of the municipality of Naples.
\r\n\r\nFor more information on the national emergency plan for volcanic risk at Vesuvius and to view the map showing the red and yellow zones, please read the dedicated section.
\r\n"},"relationships":{"field_immagine":null,"field_video":null,"field_link_interni":[{"__typename":"node__approfondimento","title":"National civil protection plan for volcanic risk at Vesuvius","field_titolo_esteso":"National civil protection plan for volcanic risk at Vesuvius","body":{"processed":"In 2014, after a long process of study and analysis, we came to the identification of the new red zone, i.e. the area for which the evacuation is the only preventive measure of the population. At the same time, twinnings were also redefined with the Regions and the Autonomous Provinces that will host the evacuated people. In 2015, the new yellow zone was approved, i.e. the area outside the red zone exposed to the significant fallout of volcanic ash and pyroclastic materials.
\nThe plan for the evacuation of the population of the red zone is currently being developed by the Campania Region, with the support of ACaMIR - Campania Agency for Mobility, Infrastructure and Networks. For the time being, the Campania Region has identified, within the activities of the working table coordinated by the Department of Civil Protection and composed of all the bodies has defined the general strategy for the transfer of the population to the twinned Regions and Autonomous Provinces.
\nThe red and yellow zones have been identified by the Department of Civil Protection, based on the recommendations of the scientific community, and in collaboration with the Campania Region. The starting point for the update of these areas was the document prepared by the working group \"Scenarios and alert states\" of the National Commission, established in 2003 to provide for the update of the National Emergency Plan for the Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei areas.
\nThe new red zone, unlike the one identified in the 2001 Plan, includes, in addition to an area exposed to the invasion of pyroclastic flows (red zone 1), also an area subject to high risk of collapse of the roofs of the buildings due to the accumulation of pyroclastic deposits (red zone 2). The redefinition of this area also includes the involvement of a number of municipalities that have been able to indicate, in agreement with the Region, which part of their territory will fall in the area to be evacuated out of prevention. Other municipalities were instead considered entirely on the basis of their administrative boundaries. The new red zone includes the territories of 25 municipalities in the provinces of Naples and Salerno, that is 7 municipalities more than the 18 provided for in the National Emergency Plan of 2001. The Directive of 14 February 2014 has identified the twinning between the towns of red zone and the Regions and Autonomous Provinces that will host the evacuated population. In addition, as required by the directive, March 31, 2015 were published in the Official Gazette of the operational guidelines on the basis of which components and operational structures of the National Service will have to update their emergency planning according to the red zone. These operational guidelines are contained in a decree of the Head of the Civil Protection Department and were developed in consultation with the Campania Region, and after consultation with the Joint Conference (joint headquarters of the State-Region conference and of the State-city and local governments conference).
\nIn the new yellow zone, made official with the directive of the President of the Council of Ministers on the Official Gazette on January 19, 2016, fall instead 63 municipalities and three districts of the Municipality of Naples. The definition of this area is based on recent studies and simulations of the distribution on the ground of volcanic ash produced by sub-Plinian eruption, which is the reference scenario for upgrade planning, and takes into account the historical statistics of the wind altitude.
\nIn particular, the yellow zone includes the territories for which it is necessary to plan the intervention of national and regional level to manage a possible emergency; in their territory, in fact, it is likely, that a quantity of ashes fallen may be such as to cause the collapse of the roofs, and this constrains the municipalities that are part of it to adapt their emergency planning. The fallout of volcanic ash can produce, locally, other consequences (such as the clogging of sewers and the difficulty of movement of vehicles) that may also affect a very large area, outside the yellow zone. Even these municipalities will have to update their emergency planning. Operational guidelines for updating the emergency planning for the yellow zone are expected to be issued, as done previously for the red zone.
\n
In 2014, after a long process of study and analysis, we came to the identification of the new red zone, i.e. the area for which the evacuation is the only preventive measure of the population. At the same time, twinnings were also redefined with the Regions and the Autonomous Provinces that will host the evacuated people. In 2015, the new yellow zone was approved, i.e. the area outside the red zone exposed to the significant fallout of volcanic ash and pyroclastic materials.
\r\n\r\nThe plan for the evacuation of the population of the red zone is currently being developed by the Campania Region, with the support of ACaMIR - Campania Agency for Mobility, Infrastructure and Networks. For the time being, the Campania Region has identified, within the activities of the working table coordinated by the Department of Civil Protection and composed of all the bodies has defined the general strategy for the transfer of the population to the twinned Regions and Autonomous Provinces.
\r\n\r\nThe red and yellow zones have been identified by the Department of Civil Protection, based on the recommendations of the scientific community, and in collaboration with the Campania Region. The starting point for the update of these areas was the document prepared by the working group \"Scenarios and alert states\" of the National Commission, established in 2003 to provide for the update of the National Emergency Plan for the Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei areas.
\r\n\r\nThe new red zone, unlike the one identified in the 2001 Plan, includes, in addition to an area exposed to the invasion of pyroclastic flows (red zone 1), also an area subject to high risk of collapse of the roofs of the buildings due to the accumulation of pyroclastic deposits (red zone 2). The redefinition of this area also includes the involvement of a number of municipalities that have been able to indicate, in agreement with the Region, which part of their territory will fall in the area to be evacuated out of prevention. Other municipalities were instead considered entirely on the basis of their administrative boundaries. The new red zone includes the territories of 25 municipalities in the provinces of Naples and Salerno, that is 7 municipalities more than the 18 provided for in the National Emergency Plan of 2001. The Directive of 14 February 2014 has identified the twinning between the towns of red zone and the Regions and Autonomous Provinces that will host the evacuated population. In addition, as required by the directive, March 31, 2015 were published in the Official Gazette of the operational guidelines on the basis of which components and operational structures of the National Service will have to update their emergency planning according to the red zone. These operational guidelines are contained in a decree of the Head of the Civil Protection Department and were developed in consultation with the Campania Region, and after consultation with the Joint Conference (joint headquarters of the State-Region conference and of the State-city and local governments conference).
\r\n\r\nIn the new yellow zone, made official with the directive of the President of the Council of Ministers on the Official Gazette on January 19, 2016, fall instead 63 municipalities and three districts of the Municipality of Naples. The definition of this area is based on recent studies and simulations of the distribution on the ground of volcanic ash produced by sub-Plinian eruption, which is the reference scenario for upgrade planning, and takes into account the historical statistics of the wind altitude.
\r\n\r\nIn particular, the yellow zone includes the territories for which it is necessary to plan the intervention of national and regional level to manage a possible emergency; in their territory, in fact, it is likely, that a quantity of ashes fallen may be such as to cause the collapse of the roofs, and this constrains the municipalities that are part of it to adapt their emergency planning. The fallout of volcanic ash can produce, locally, other consequences (such as the clogging of sewers and the difficulty of movement of vehicles) that may also affect a very large area, outside the yellow zone. Even these municipalities will have to update their emergency planning. Operational guidelines for updating the emergency planning for the yellow zone are expected to be issued, as done previously for the red zone.
\r\n
Throughout history, Vesuvius has been marked by alternating periods of eruptive activity with open duct, and rest periods with blocked duct, characterized by the absence of eruptive activity and accumulation of magma in a magma chamber in depth.
\nThese periods are interrupted by very energetic eruptions, which are then followed by periods of open duct activity with frequent effusive eruptions or explosive eruptions with low energy.
\nThe 1631 eruption has interrupted a break that lasted for nearly five centuries. From 1631 to 1944 volcanic eruptions have been constant and interspersed with rest periods of a few years.
\nAccording to recent studies, the most likely volcanic event most likely to happen is a violent strombolian eruption (VEI = 3), with relapse of pyroclastic materials and the formation of mudflows or lahars. Moreover, a research conducted from geophysical surveys has not detected the presence of a magma chamber surface with sufficient volume to generate an plinian eruption. Therefore an event of this type is unlikely to happen.
On the basis of these observations, the committee in charge of updating the Plan has determined that the reference scenario is a sub-Plinian-type event, similar to that of 1631 and comparable to the one examined in the previous Plan. This scenario involves the formation of a sustained eruptive column several kilometers high, the fall of volcanic bombs and blocks immediately around the crater and particles smaller - ash and lapilli - up to several tens of kilometers away, and the training pyroclastic flows that would flow down the slopes of the volcano for several kilometers.
\nBased on this scenario, areas - for which it was designed a National Plan of emergency which provides differentiated actions - potentially subject to various phenomena expected have been identified.
\n","value":"Throughout history, Vesuvius has been marked by alternating periods of eruptive activity with open duct, and rest periods with blocked duct, characterized by the absence of eruptive activity and accumulation of magma in a magma chamber in depth.
\r\n
\r\nThese periods are interrupted by very energetic eruptions, which are then followed by periods of open duct activity with frequent effusive eruptions or explosive eruptions with low energy.
\r\n
\r\nThe 1631 eruption has interrupted a break that lasted for nearly five centuries. From 1631 to 1944 volcanic eruptions have been constant and interspersed with rest periods of a few years.
\r\nAccording to recent studies, the most likely volcanic event most likely to happen is a violent strombolian eruption (VEI = 3), with relapse of pyroclastic materials and the formation of mudflows or lahars. Moreover, a research conducted from geophysical surveys has not detected the presence of a magma chamber surface with sufficient volume to generate an plinian eruption. Therefore an event of this type is unlikely to happen.
\r\n
\r\nOn the basis of these observations, the committee in charge of updating the Plan has determined that the reference scenario is a sub-Plinian-type event, similar to that of 1631 and comparable to the one examined in the previous Plan. This scenario involves the formation of a sustained eruptive column several kilometers high, the fall of volcanic bombs and blocks immediately around the crater and particles smaller - ash and lapilli - up to several tens of kilometers away, and the training pyroclastic flows that would flow down the slopes of the volcano for several kilometers.
\r\n
\r\nBased on this scenario, areas - for which it was designed a National Plan of emergency which provides differentiated actions - potentially subject to various phenomena expected have been identified.
The Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex consists of an older building, Somma, characterized by a caldera, and a younger cone, Vesuvius, which grew up within the caldera after the eruption of Pompei in 79 AD.
\nThe eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius, whose age is less than 39,000 years, can be divided into distinct periods, each characterized by different types of activity.
\nBetween 39,000 and 20,000 years ago, the activity was characterized mainly by effusive eruptions and then explosive eruptions of low energy. The formation of the ancient volcano, the current Monte Somma, dates back to this period.
\nA major change in the type of volcanic activity occurred about 19,000 years ago, when an activity predominantly effusive was replaced by an explosive activity. Around 18,000 years ago, in fact, after a long period of rest, the first and largest Plinian eruption (Basic Pomici) took place. Other large Plinian eruptions, all preceded by long periods of inactivity, there have been up to the famous eruption of Pompei in 79 AD (Pomici of Mercato, 8,000 years; Avellino pumice, 3,500 years).
\nThe eruption of 79 AD occurred after a three century rest of the volcano,and was one of the most violent and destructive in the history of Vesuvius. It has been defined plinian after Pliny the Younger, who gave us a description of the event. The eruption, which lasted less than two days, emitted into the atmosphere about 4 cubic km of ash and lapilli; the activity was characterized by several phases that produced different effects on the territory, up to distances of hundreds of kilometers from the volcano and with catastrophic consequences for Pompei, Herculaneum and Stabia.
\nAfter the eruption of 79 AD there have been numerous strombolian eruptions and effusive that led to the gradual building of the Great Cone of Vesuvius and the emplacement of lava flows on the slopes south and west of the volcano. The eruptive activity has since experienced two significant periods of rest, followed in both cases by explosive events of great energy, such as the eruption of 472 and that of 1631, of subplinian nature. During the 1631 eruption the whole range of countries between the town of Pollena in the northern area, and that of Torre Annunziata in the south-west, was devastated by the flow of pyroclastic flows that killed more than 5 thousand people.
In the period between 1631 and 1906, when there was one of two events of increased energy of the last century, the volcano showed almost continuous strombolian activity, associated with effusive activity. The event of 1906 was characterized by explosive and effusive activity of varying intensity and caused numerous deaths and injuries to the collapse of roofs as a result of the accumulation of ashes.
\nThe 1944 eruption closes a period of more or less continuous in open tube, the event is characterized by effusive and explosive activity, caused the death of 21 people in the collapse of the roofs and the almost total destruction of the countries of San Sebastian, Massa di Somma and Terzigno.
\nScholars believe that the eruption of 1944 marked the end of a period of activity in open tube and the beginning of a period of quiescence duct obstructed. From 1944 to date, Vesuvius has only fumarolic activity and seismic swarms of moderate energy, without ground deformation or significant changes in physical and chemical parameters of the system.
\n","value":"The Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex consists of an older building, Somma, characterized by a caldera, and a younger cone, Vesuvius, which grew up within the caldera after the eruption of Pompei in 79 AD.
\r\n
\r\nThe eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius, whose age is less than 39,000 years, can be divided into distinct periods, each characterized by different types of activity.
\r\n
\r\nBetween 39,000 and 20,000 years ago, the activity was characterized mainly by effusive eruptions and then explosive eruptions of low energy. The formation of the ancient volcano, the current Monte Somma, dates back to this period.
\r\n
\r\nA major change in the type of volcanic activity occurred about 19,000 years ago, when an activity predominantly effusive was replaced by an explosive activity. Around 18,000 years ago, in fact, after a long period of rest, the first and largest Plinian eruption (Basic Pomici) took place. Other large Plinian eruptions, all preceded by long periods of inactivity, there have been up to the famous eruption of Pompei in 79 AD (Pomici of Mercato, 8,000 years; Avellino pumice, 3,500 years).
\r\n
\r\nThe eruption of 79 AD occurred after a three century rest of the volcano,and was one of the most violent and destructive in the history of Vesuvius. It has been defined plinian after Pliny the Younger, who gave us a description of the event. The eruption, which lasted less than two days, emitted into the atmosphere about 4 cubic km of ash and lapilli; the activity was characterized by several phases that produced different effects on the territory, up to distances of hundreds of kilometers from the volcano and with catastrophic consequences for Pompei, Herculaneum and Stabia.
\r\nAfter the eruption of 79 AD there have been numerous strombolian eruptions and effusive that led to the gradual building of the Great Cone of Vesuvius and the emplacement of lava flows on the slopes south and west of the volcano. The eruptive activity has since experienced two significant periods of rest, followed in both cases by explosive events of great energy, such as the eruption of 472 and that of 1631, of subplinian nature. During the 1631 eruption the whole range of countries between the town of Pollena in the northern area, and that of Torre Annunziata in the south-west, was devastated by the flow of pyroclastic flows that killed more than 5 thousand people.
\r\n
\r\nIn the period between 1631 and 1906, when there was one of two events of increased energy of the last century, the volcano showed almost continuous strombolian activity, associated with effusive activity. The event of 1906 was characterized by explosive and effusive activity of varying intensity and caused numerous deaths and injuries to the collapse of roofs as a result of the accumulation of ashes.
\r\n
\r\nThe 1944 eruption closes a period of more or less continuous in open tube, the event is characterized by effusive and explosive activity, caused the death of 21 people in the collapse of the roofs and the almost total destruction of the countries of San Sebastian, Massa di Somma and Terzigno.
\r\n
\r\nScholars believe that the eruption of 1944 marked the end of a period of activity in open tube and the beginning of a period of quiescence duct obstructed. From 1944 to date, Vesuvius has only fumarolic activity and seismic swarms of moderate energy, without ground deformation or significant changes in physical and chemical parameters of the system.
Preeruzione. Prima dell’eruzione il monte Vesuvio era ricoperto da una fitta vegetazione anche all’interno del cratere. Il Gran Cono era alto circa 1187m, 55m più del Monte Somma, con un diametro craterico di 480m e una profondità di circa 250m. C’erano fumarole lungo l’orlo e sul fondo del Gran Cono, mentre nell’Atrio del Somma erano presenti piccoli stagni di acque termali e minerali.
\nA giugno 1631 gli abitanti intorno al vulcano cominciarono ad avvertire leggere scosse sismiche e, da agosto, si iniziò a vedere, sul lato nord del cono, un aumento dell’attività fumarolica. A dicembre cominciò la fase preeruttiva, con alcuni terremoti avvertiti nell’area vesuviana e un progressivo sollevamento del fondo craterico, che pochi giorni prima dell’eruzione ne raggiunse l’orlo. La temperatura aumentò e scomparvero i laghetti termali intracalderici.
\nIl 15 dicembre 1631, alle 19, i terremoti cominciarono ad avvertirsi anche a Napoli e nella notte andarono intensificandosi in numero ed energia, in concomitanza con la formazione di fratture eruttive nell’Atrio e sulle pareti del Gran Cono.
\nColonna sostenuta. All’alba del 16 dicembre 1631 cominciò l’eruzione: una tremenda esplosione provocò una gigantesca nuvola, la colonna eruttiva convettiva, che spinta dall’elevata pressione interna al vulcano raggiunse circa 13 km di altezza (“…qualcuno misuratala osservò che essa era ascesa a più di 30 miglia d’altezza…”, [Braccini, 1632]). La nube era all’inizio di colore chiaro e poi, nel massimo innalzamento, più scura per l’elevata concentrazione di particelle [Rosi et al., 1993] (“...non molto stette che cangiando forma divenne una smisurata nuvola, la quale non già bianca come dianzi, ma alquanto nera, innalzandosi a meraviglia e trapassando di gran lunga con infinita veementa la prima regione dell’aria…”[Giuliani, 1632]).
\nRicaduta di cenere. I boati dell’eruzione vennero avvertiti anche, come riportano da alcune cronache, nelle Marche, Umbria, Abruzzo, Calabria e Puglia (“In tutta la valle di Spoleto fin a Perugia e tutta la montagna di Norcia per un’hora continua furno sentite botte e rimbombi come d’artiglieria, ognun pensando fusse il luogo circumvicino e nessuno potendo penetrar dove ciò sia proceduto.” [Frat’Angelo de Eugeni, 1631]). Molte ceneri e pesanti blocchi di scorie iniziarono a cadere intorno al vulcano, fino ad alcuni chilometri di distanza, in prevalenza nei settori a nord e a nord-est del Somma (“…Non solo cenere, ma cadeano dal cielo anche pietre infocate come le scorie che cavavano i fabbricanti dalle fucine, grandi quanto una mano e anche più…” [De Contreras, 1633]).
\nCollasso della colonna eruttiva e flussi piroclastici. Verso le 10 del mattino del 17 dicembre 1631 venne avvertito un violento terremoto, in concomitanza con il collasso del cratere centrale che pose fine alla fase di colonna sostenuta o pliniana (“…sopravvenne un ultimo, ma più di tutti gli altri esizial terremoto, che fece vacillar come canne ogni edificio e non pochi ne scompaginò gittandone a terra non piccol numero…” [Sant’Agata: in Palomba, 1881]).
\nSi passò così ad un alternanza di colonna sostenuta e colonna collassante che, scendendo velocemente lungo le pendici del vulcano, generò colate piroclastiche che distrussero vegetazione e manufatti, provocando molte vittime tra la popolazione (“…il fuoco era grandissimo e cresceva a momenti prendendo doppio cammino, parte s’innalzava verso il cielo con tanta velocità che in breve trapassò tutte d’altezza le nuvole, e parte si dilatava in falde per lo monte giù a guisa di un fiume…” [“Lettera” di Manzo riportata in: Riccio, 1883]. I depositi di flusso piroclastico si rinvengono in prevalenza a Boscoreale e, in misura minore a Torre del Greco e San Sebastiano al Vesuvio.
\nIl collasso e l’intensa fratturazione, con lo svuotamento del condotto magmatico, causarono un’ulteriore decompressione del sistema vulcanico, con richiamo di acqua dagli acquiferi o dal mare nei condotti. L’interazione magma-acqua determinò forti esplosioni freatomagmatiche per tutta la giornata del 17 dicembre e parte del 18 dicembre.
\nColate di fango (Lahars). La grande quantità di vapore acqueo immesso in atmosfera e il nucleo di condensazione costituito dalle particelle di cenere scatenarono piogge torrenziali. In poco tempo, grandi porzioni della coltre piroclastica che ricoprirono il monte Somma e il Cono del Vesuvio furono rimobilitate, generando rovinose colate di fango (Lahar) lungo le pendici, causa di alluvionamenti fino a 10km di distanza dal vulcano, in particolare nei settori a nord e nord-est.
\n","value":"Preeruzione. Prima dell’eruzione il monte Vesuvio era ricoperto da una fitta vegetazione anche all’interno del cratere. Il Gran Cono era alto circa 1187m, 55m più del Monte Somma, con un diametro craterico di 480m e una profondità di circa 250m. C’erano fumarole lungo l’orlo e sul fondo del Gran Cono, mentre nell’Atrio del Somma erano presenti piccoli stagni di acque termali e minerali.
A giugno 1631 gli abitanti intorno al vulcano cominciarono ad avvertire leggere scosse sismiche e, da agosto, si iniziò a vedere, sul lato nord del cono, un aumento dell’attività fumarolica. A dicembre cominciò la fase preeruttiva, con alcuni terremoti avvertiti nell’area vesuviana e un progressivo sollevamento del fondo craterico, che pochi giorni prima dell’eruzione ne raggiunse l’orlo. La temperatura aumentò e scomparvero i laghetti termali intracalderici.
Il 15 dicembre 1631, alle 19, i terremoti cominciarono ad avvertirsi anche a Napoli e nella notte andarono intensificandosi in numero ed energia, in concomitanza con la formazione di fratture eruttive nell’Atrio e sulle pareti del Gran Cono.
Colonna sostenuta. All’alba del 16 dicembre 1631 cominciò l’eruzione: una tremenda esplosione provocò una gigantesca nuvola, la colonna eruttiva convettiva, che spinta dall’elevata pressione interna al vulcano raggiunse circa 13 km di altezza (“…qualcuno misuratala osservò che essa era ascesa a più di 30 miglia d’altezza…”, [Braccini, 1632]). La nube era all’inizio di colore chiaro e poi, nel massimo innalzamento, più scura per l’elevata concentrazione di particelle [Rosi et al., 1993] (“...non molto stette che cangiando forma divenne una smisurata nuvola, la quale non già bianca come dianzi, ma alquanto nera, innalzandosi a meraviglia e trapassando di gran lunga con infinita veementa la prima regione dell’aria…”[Giuliani, 1632]).
Ricaduta di cenere. I boati dell’eruzione vennero avvertiti anche, come riportano da alcune cronache, nelle Marche, Umbria, Abruzzo, Calabria e Puglia (“In tutta la valle di Spoleto fin a Perugia e tutta la montagna di Norcia per un’hora continua furno sentite botte e rimbombi come d’artiglieria, ognun pensando fusse il luogo circumvicino e nessuno potendo penetrar dove ciò sia proceduto.” [Frat’Angelo de Eugeni, 1631]). Molte ceneri e pesanti blocchi di scorie iniziarono a cadere intorno al vulcano, fino ad alcuni chilometri di distanza, in prevalenza nei settori a nord e a nord-est del Somma (“…Non solo cenere, ma cadeano dal cielo anche pietre infocate come le scorie che cavavano i fabbricanti dalle fucine, grandi quanto una mano e anche più…” [De Contreras, 1633]).
Collasso della colonna eruttiva e flussi piroclastici. Verso le 10 del mattino del 17 dicembre 1631 venne avvertito un violento terremoto, in concomitanza con il collasso del cratere centrale che pose fine alla fase di colonna sostenuta o pliniana (“…sopravvenne un ultimo, ma più di tutti gli altri esizial terremoto, che fece vacillar come canne ogni edificio e non pochi ne scompaginò gittandone a terra non piccol numero…” [Sant’Agata: in Palomba, 1881]).
Si passò così ad un alternanza di colonna sostenuta e colonna collassante che, scendendo velocemente lungo le pendici del vulcano, generò colate piroclastiche che distrussero vegetazione e manufatti, provocando molte vittime tra la popolazione (“…il fuoco era grandissimo e cresceva a momenti prendendo doppio cammino, parte s’innalzava verso il cielo con tanta velocità che in breve trapassò tutte d’altezza le nuvole, e parte si dilatava in falde per lo monte giù a guisa di un fiume…” [“Lettera” di Manzo riportata in: Riccio, 1883]. I depositi di flusso piroclastico si rinvengono in prevalenza a Boscoreale e, in misura minore a Torre del Greco e San Sebastiano al Vesuvio.
Il collasso e l’intensa fratturazione, con lo svuotamento del condotto magmatico, causarono un’ulteriore decompressione del sistema vulcanico, con richiamo di acqua dagli acquiferi o dal mare nei condotti. L’interazione magma-acqua determinò forti esplosioni freatomagmatiche per tutta la giornata del 17 dicembre e parte del 18 dicembre.
Colate di fango (Lahars). La grande quantità di vapore acqueo immesso in atmosfera e il nucleo di condensazione costituito dalle particelle di cenere scatenarono piogge torrenziali. In poco tempo, grandi porzioni della coltre piroclastica che ricoprirono il monte Somma e il Cono del Vesuvio furono rimobilitate, generando rovinose colate di fango (Lahar) lungo le pendici, causa di alluvionamenti fino a 10km di distanza dal vulcano, in particolare nei settori a nord e nord-est.
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